On the one-year anniversary of Russias invasion, Ukraine is commemorating horrific losses and remarkable defiance.
The countrys fierce resistance on the battlefield has been echoed on the digital front where Kyiv has unique experience.
Since Putins troops began flooding across the border, the cyber tactics have shifted dramatically.
These developments have made Ukraine a bellwether for digital warfare.
And to the surprise of analysts, cyber attacks have had a limited impact over the past year.
Were going to see cyber activity as a pre-emptive tactic to physical war.
A day before the full-scale invasion, several government and banking websites were struck once again.
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Ukraines government, meanwhile, asserts that Russias targets have changed.
But after Russias first defeat at the front, the focus shifted to maximising damage to civilians.
Notably, the officials found thatall the assaults had harnessed previously known techniques.
The modest impact of Russias cyber weapons has not been for want of trying.
Zhora wants thedigital assaultsto be prosecutedas war crimes.
Despite the onslaught, Ukraines networks have remained remarkably resilient.
Another factor is Ukraines persistent efforts to strengthen its defences.
The lengthy conflict with Russia have provided immense experience of mitigating cyberattacks.
This made us stronger, Zhorasaid last year.
We took our lessons from this cyber aggression.
Story byThomas Macaulay
Thomas is the managing editor of TNW.
He leads our coverage of European tech and oversees our talented team of writers.
Away from work, he e(show all)Thomas is the managing editor of TNW.
He leads our coverage of European tech and oversees our talented team of writers.
Away from work, he enjoys playing chess (badly) and the guitar (even worse).
